What does process variation refer to?

Process variation refers to the differences in outputs that result from various factors involved in a manufacturing or service process. These factors can include differences in raw materials, equipment performance, human interactions, environmental conditions, and more. Understanding process variation is crucial for quality management since it directly impacts the consistency and reliability of outputs. By analyzing and controlling these variations, organizations can improve process stability, reduce defects, and ultimately enhance customer satisfaction.

Other options, while related to quality and operations, do not specifically capture the essence of process variation. Limitations in product design concern the initial specifications and how they meet customer needs, consistency of customer interactions relates to service quality, and the level of organizational change pertains to the broader context of business operations rather than the specific variabilities within a process.